![]() And, at the lowest level, elites and ordinary citizens use ideologies to organize and structure political values, attitudes, and beliefs, displaying coherent rather than random opinions across issue dimensions ( Converse, 1964). Ideologies thereby offer activists and leaders a practical plan of collective action to achieve common moral goals. ![]() At an intermediary level, ideologies also help to structure public debate, facilitate coalition building and mobilization around common goals, and allow political parties to offer voters coherent policy platforms. Political ideologies are typically characterized by a set of coherent normative values and political principles providing a moral vision of the good life, and a doctrinal framework and systematic set of beliefs for understanding the world. At the most abstract level, as formal systems of political thought, canonical texts on Marxism, liberalism, conservatism, and feminism by seminal thinkers develop elaborate interpretations of the world and offer prescriptions for actions. As exemplified by “socialism,” “communism,” or “liberalism,” political ideologies include three components ( Feldman, 2013). The first perspective treats populism as a distinctive political ideology. To address this issue, the Global Party Survey (GPS) provides new estimates of the ideological values and issue positions of all types of political parties around the globe, develops innovative measures for how far parties deploy populist rhetoric, and confirms the robustness of the new ideological and populist estimates when compared against previous expert surveys. But can parties as varied as the Sweden Democrats, Jobbik, the French National Rally, and the Italian Five Star Movement all be classified consistently as part of the same “populist radical right” family, as commonly assumed? Are there shared values among those widely regarded as “populist” leaders, such as Donald Trump, Geert Wilders, Jair Bolsonaro, Rodrigo Duterte, and Recep Tayyip Erdoğan? Unfortunately, to date systematic, valid, and rigorous cross-national measurement of the worldwide populist phenomenon has lagged behind scholarly research and popular interest. The rise of populism has generated a rapidly expanding literature across diverse disciplines. The conclusion in part V summarizes the main findings and considers the potential uses of the data set for understanding populism as a global phenomenon. Part IV presents robustness tests which confirm that the new GPS estimates of ideological values and populist parties are consistently correlated with several previous measures. It draws upon estimates from 1861 experts and covers 1043 political parties in 163 countries (see Part III summarizes some key cross-national results. The Global Party Survey (GPS) replicates previous expert surveys, expands coverage worldwide, and incorporates innovative scaled measures of populism. How can party values be measured in consistent, valid, and reliable ways, facilitating identification of varieties of populism in countries around the world? To address this issue, part I outlines the conceptual framework. Populism studies have rapidly burgeoned but systematic global empirical evidence about this phenomenon has lagged behind. All subjects Allied Health Cardiology & Cardiovascular Medicine Dentistry Emergency Medicine & Critical Care Endocrinology & Metabolism Environmental Science General Medicine Geriatrics Infectious Diseases Medico-legal Neurology Nursing Nutrition Obstetrics & Gynecology Oncology Orthopaedics & Sports Medicine Otolaryngology Palliative Medicine & Chronic Care Pediatrics Pharmacology & Toxicology Psychiatry & Psychology Public Health Pulmonary & Respiratory Medicine Radiology Research Methods & Evaluation Rheumatology Surgery Tropical Medicine Veterinary Medicine Cell Biology Clinical Biochemistry Environmental Science Life Sciences Neuroscience Pharmacology & Toxicology Biomedical Engineering Engineering & Computing Environmental Engineering Materials Science Anthropology & Archaeology Communication & Media Studies Criminology & Criminal Justice Cultural Studies Economics & Development Education Environmental Studies Ethnic Studies Family Studies Gender Studies Geography Gerontology & Aging Group Studies History Information Science Interpersonal Violence Language & Linguistics Law Management & Organization Studies Marketing & Hospitality Music Peace Studies & Conflict Resolution Philosophy Politics & International Relations Psychoanalysis Psychology & Counseling Public Administration Regional Studies Religion Research Methods & Evaluation Science & Society Studies Social Work & Social Policy Sociology Special Education Urban Studies & Planning BROWSE JOURNALS
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